Mỹ Lai veresaun
 | See artikkel vajab toimetamist. |
 | See artikkel ootab keeletoimetamist. |
| Mỹ Lai veresaun | |
| Osa Vietnami sõjast | |
| |
| USA armee fotograafi Ronald L. Haeberle'i foto (16. märts 1968) | |
| Koht | Sơn Mỹ, Quảng Ngãi provints, Lõuna-Vietnam |
|---|---|
| Kuupäev | 16. märts 1968 |
| Sihtmärk | Mỹ Lai ja Mỹ Khe küla |
| Liik | Veresaun, vägistamine, piinamine |
| Hukkunuid | 347 (Ameerika Ühendriikide andmetel Mỹ Lai kohta) või 504 (Vietnami arv Mỹ Lai ja Mỹ Khe kohta) |
| Toimepanija | Ameerika Ühendriikide maavägi |
| Süüdimõistetuid | William Calley |
| Tulemus | 22 mõrva |
| Karistus | Eluaegne vanglakaristus (sai armu ning kandis 3,5 aastat koduaresti) |
Mỹ Lai veresaun (vietnami keeles Thảm sát Mỹ Lai) oli sõjakuritegu, mille Ameerika Ühendriikide maaväelased saatsid korda 16. märtsil 1968.[1] Vietnami sõja ajal aset leidnud roimas tapeti Lõuna-Vietnami Sơn Tịnhi ringkonnas 347–504 relvastamata tsiviilisikut, kelle seas oli nii mehi, naisi, lapsi kui imikuid. Osasid naisohvreid vägistati grupiviisiliselt ning kehasid moonutati. Vägistamise ohvriks langes ka 12-aastaseid lapsi.[2][3] Tegu on Ameerika Ühendriikide ilmselt suurima 20. sajandi veresaunaga.[4]
Süüdistus esitati 26 sõdurile, kuid süüdi mõisteti ainult C-kompanii rühmaülem leitnant William Calley. Talle määrati 22 külaelaniku tapmise eest eluaegne vanglakaristus, millest ta kandis 3,5 aastat ära koduarestis kuni president Richard Nixon talle armu andis.
My Lai veresaun leidis aset Son Mỹ asula kahes külas Quảng Ngãi provintsis.[5] Ameerika Ühendriikide sõjaväe kaartidel kandsid külad nimesid My Lai ja My Khe.[6] Sõdurid kutsusid seda piirkonda Pinkville'iks (inglise keelest u Roosaküla) ning seetõttu tunti juhtumit algselt Pinkville'i veresaunana.[7][8] Armee juurdluse ajal tunti My Lai veresauna Songmy veresaunana.[9] Praegu kutsutakse seda Ameerika Ühendriikides ja rahvusvaheliselt Mỹ Lai veresaunaks ning Vietnamis Song Mỹ veresaunaks.[10]
Veresaun jõudis avalikkuse ette novembris 1969 ning põhjustas pahameeletormi. Juhtum ise ning katsed see maha vaikida andisd jõudu Ameerika Ühendriikide siseriiklikule vastuseisule sõjas osalemisele.[11]
Alguses süüdistati kolme Ameerika Ühendriikide sõjaväelast, kes olid üritanud tsiviilisikuid päästa. Näiteks demokraat, Esindajatekoja Relvateenistuste Komitee esimees L. Mendel Rivers nimetas neid riigireeturiteks. Kolmkümmend aastat hiljem nende kolme sõduri tegusid tunnustati ja autasustati (üht postuumselt).[12]
Vaata ka
[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]- Sơn Mỹ mälestusmärk
- Inimõigused Ameerika Ühendriikides
- Huế veresaun
- Phoenixi programm
- Russelli tribunal
- Tiger Force
Viited
[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]- ↑ "WHAT REALLY HAPPENED ON 16 MARCH 1968? WHAT LESSONS HAVE BEEN LEARNED? A LOOK AT THE MY LAI INCIDENT FIFTY YEARS LATER". The Army Historical Foundation. 4. mai 2018. Vaadatud 9. septembril 2023.
- ↑ Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape. Simon & Schuster. Lk 103–05. ISBN 978-0-671-22062-4.
- ↑ Murder in the name of war: My Lai, BBC News, 20 July 1998.
- ↑ Rozman, Gilbert (2010). U.S. Leadership, History, and Bilateral Relations in Northeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. Lk 56.
- ↑ Department of the Army. Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident, Volumes I–III (1970).
- ↑ Summary of Peers Report.
- ↑ Frontline (PBS): Remember My Lai Originally Broadcast 23 May 1989.
- ↑ "The My Lai Massacre: Seymour Hersh's Complete and Unabridged Reporting for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 1969 /Candide's Notebooks". Pierretristam.com. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 15. juuli 2011. Vaadatud 18. juunil 2011.
- ↑ Ex-G.I. Says He Saw Calley Kill a Vietnamese Civilian. The New York Times, 27 November 1969.
- ↑ "Commemorating victims of Son My massacre" VOV News, 13 March 2012.
- ↑ Corley, Christopher L. Effects on Public Opinion Support During War or Conflict. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2007, p. 39.
- ↑ ""Moral Courage In Combat: The My Lai Story" (lecture by Hugh Thompson), Center for the Study of Professional Military Ethics, United States Naval Academy, 2003" (PDF). Originaali (PDF) arhiivikoopia seisuga 4. veebruar 2022. Vaadatud 13. oktoobril 2013.
Kirjandus
[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]- 161st Assault Helicopter Company. Unit History of the 161st Assault Helicopter Company (who intervened in the massacre)
- Americal Division Veterans Association; Americal Locations in Vietnam, cited 3 June 2006.
- Anderson, David L. (1998) Facing My Lai: Moving Beyond the Massacre University Press of Kansas: Lawrence, Kansas – extensive interviews with trial participants and soldiers.
- Angers, Trent (1999) The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story Lafayette, La.: Acadian House.
- Becker, Elizabeth. Kissinger Tapes Describe Crises, War and Stark Photos of Abuse., The New York Times, 27 May 2004 (mirrored)
- Belknap, Michal R. (2002) The Vietnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and the Court-Martial of Lieutenant Calley. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700612114.
- Beidler, Philip D., "Calley's Ghost", Virginia Quarterly Review, Winter 2003.
- Bilton, Michael and Sim, Kevin. (1992) Four Hours in My Lai New York: Viking – a re-examination, draws extensively on interviews with participants and contains detailed bibliographic references.
- Chomsky, Noam. After Pinkville, Bertrand Russell War Crimes Tribunal on Vietnam, 1971
- Chomsky, Noam and Edward S. Herman. Counter-Revolutionary Violence: Bloodbaths in Fact & Propaganda, 1973 and 2004
- Colburn, Lawrence and Paula Brock. The Choices Made – Lessons from My Lai on Drawing the Line, Seattle Times, 10 March 2002
- Gershen, Martin. (1971) Destroy or Die: The True Story of My Lai New York: Arlington House.
- Goldstein, Joseph. (1976) The My Lai Massacre and its Cover-Up New York: Free Press.
- Greiner, Bernd. (2009) War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Greiner, Bernd. (2009) The March 1968 Massacre in My Lai 4 and My Khe 4, Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence, [online], published on 5 October 2009, URL, ISSN 1961-9898
- Hammer, Richard. (1971) The Court-Martial of Lt. Calley New York: Coward.
- Hastings, Max, "Wrath of the Centurions" (review of Howard Jones, My Lai: Vietnam, 1968 and the Descent into Darkness, Oxford, 2017, 504 pp., ISBN 978-0195393606), London Review of Books, vol. 40, no. 2 (25 January 2018), pp. 19–22.
- Hersh, Seymour M. (1972). Cover-up: the Army's secret investigation of the massacre at My Lai 4. Random House. ISBN 0394474600.
- Hersh, Seymour M. (1970). My Lai 4: A Report on the Massacre and Its Aftermath. Random House. ISBN 0394437373.
- Hersh, Seymour M. The original, Pulitzer-Prize winning articles about the My Lai Massacre for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, 13 November, 20 November and 25 November 1969.
- Hersh, Seymour M. " Looking for Calley - How a young journalist untangled the riddle of My Lai", Harper's Magazine, June 2018.
- My Lai and Why It Matters: Review of Ron Ridenhour's Videotaped Lecture
- Jones, Howard (2017) My Lai, Vietnam, 1968, and the Descent into Darkness. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195393606.
- O'Brien, Tim. (1994) In the Lake of the Woods, McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 1895246318 – historical fiction about a Vietnam Vet who can't escape his own experience of My Lai.
- Olson, James S. and Roberts, Randy (eds.) (1998) My Lai: A Brief History with Documents, Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0312177674
- Peers, William R. (1970). Robert E. Lester, ed. The Peers inquiry of the massacre at My Lai. Bethesda, MD: University Publications of America, 1996. ISBN 978-1556556609
- Raimondo, Maj. Tony, JA. The My Lai Massacre: A Case Study, Human Rights Program, School of the Americas, Fort Benning, Georgia
- Ridenhour, Ron. "Jesus Was a Gook"
- Rockwood, Lawrence. "The Lesson Avoided: the Official Legacy of the My Lai Massacre", The Moral Dimension of Asymmetrical Warfare, Counter-terrorism, Democratic Values and Military Ethics, Netherlands Defense College (2008).
- Sack, John. (1971) Lieutenant Calley: His Own Story New York: Viking.
- "My Lai: An American Tragedy". Time. 5. detsember 1969. Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 28. november 2007.
- University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. The My Lai Courts-Martial, 1970
- Teitel, Martin. Again, the Suffering of Mylai[alaline kõdulink], article preview, New York Times, 7 June 1972, p. 45.
- Texas Tech University. The Vietnam Oral History Project
- Toledo Blade. Special Report: Tiger Force
- Valentine, Douglas (1990). The Phoenix Program. iUniverse. ISBN 978-0595007387. Vaadatud 18. juunil 2011.Chapter 24 "Transgressions" deals with the My Lai Massacre.