Maoliste klassifikatsioon
Aristotelest peetakse esimeseks kes püüdis loomi (sh madusid) bioloogiliselt klassifitseerida (Historia Animalium).[1]
Varem on kasutatud mitmeid maoliste klassifikatsioone[2]:
Linnaeuse klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
1758 klassifitseeris Linnaeus maolised (Serpentes), peamiselt välisvormi järgi, kolmeks perekonnaks ja 200 maoliigiks; osade autorite arvates aga 6 perekonnaks: Crotalus, Boa, Coluber,Anguis, Amphisbaena, Caecilia;[3]
A.M.C. Dumérili ja A.H.A. Dumérili klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- 1851 ilmus André Marie Constant Dumérili ja Auguste Henri André Dumérili raamat "Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles", milles tänapäevaste autorite arvates kasutati madude klassifitseerimisel muuhulgas ka näokolju ja hammaste kirjeldusi[4];
Cope'i klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
Edward Drinker Cope (1840–1897) uuris madude sugulussuhteid morfoloogia kaudu: selgroolülid, kopsud ja hemipeenise morfoloogia jm. Postuumselt ilmunud teoses: "The Crocodilians, Lizards and Snakes of North America", (Government Printing Office, 1900) olevat ta klassifitseerinud maolised (Serpentes) algselt viide alamseltsi:
- Epanodonta (pimemadulased Typhlopidae)
- Catodonta (ahassuumadulased Leptotyphlopidae)
- Tortricina (rullmadulased Aniliidae, silindermadulased Cylindrophiidae, kilpsabalased Uropeltidae)
- Scolenoglypha (rästiklased Viperidae)
- Colubroidea (kõik ülejäänud maod,v.a rästiklased). Alamseltsi Colubroidea kuulusid omakorda Aglyphodonta, Glyphodonta ja Proteroglypha.
Cope'i klassifikatsioon (mürkmaod kaldkirjas)[5]:
- Ülemsugukond : Epanodonta
- Sugukond ja alamsugukond: Typhlopidae
- Catodonta
- Glauconiidae
- Tortricina
- Ilysiidae
- Rhinophidae.
- Peropoda
- Boidae
- Charinidae
- Ungaliidae
- Alamselts Colubroidea
- Aglyphodonta
- Xenopeltidae
- Nothopidae (Acrochordinae, Nothopinae)
- Colubridae (Calamarinae, Xenodontinae, Dromicinae, Colubrinae, Leptognathinae, Anoplophallinae, Lycodontinae, Natricinae
- Glyphodonta
- Dipsadida (Erythrolamprina, Scytalina, Dipsadina, Homalopsina)
- Proteroglypha (Najida, Elapida, Dendraspidida
- Platycerca
- Hydrophida
- Solenoglypha
- Atractaspidida
- Causida
- Viperida
- Crotalida (Lachesina, Crotalina).
- Aglyphodonta
Boulengeri klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
Boulengeri Ophidia seltsi klassifikatsioon (mürkmaod on kaldkirjas)[6]:
- Typhlopidae
- Glauconidae
- Ilysiidae
- Uropeltidae
- Boidae (Pythoninae, Boinae)
- Xenopeltidae
- Amblycephalidae
- Colubridae
- Aglyph (Acrochordinae, Colubrinae, Rhachiodontinae)
- Ophistoglyph (Dipsadomorphina, Elachistodontina, Homalopsina)
- Pteroglyph (Elapina, Hydrophiina)
- Viperida (Viperina, Crotalina).
Boulenger klassifitseeris Euroopas elavad maod roomajate klassi seltsina nelja sugukonda (ka perekondadesse, liikidesse)[7]:
- (Typhlopidae)
- (Boidae)
- Colubridae
- (Viperidae).
Hoffstetteri klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- Robert Julien Hoffstetteri klassifikatsioon (1955,1962) klassifitseerib maolisi fülogeneetilise süstemaatika kaudu.
- ...
Roomajate andmebaasi klassifikatsioon[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
Maoliste alamseltsi klassifitseeritakse roomajate andmebaasis kuni perekondadeni järgmiselt[8]:
Ülemsugukond Acrochordoidea[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- sugukond Acrochordidae Bonaparte 1831 (tüügasmadulased)
- perekond Acrochordus Bonaparte, 1831 (tüügasmadu)
- sugukond Acrochordidae Bonaparte 1831 (tüügasmadulased)
Ülemsugukond Uropeltoidea[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- sugukond Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach & Rossman, 1993
- Anomochilus Berg, 1901
- Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843 (silindermadulased)
- Uropeltidae Müller, 1832 (kilpsabalased)[9]
- Brachyophidium Wall, 1921
- Melanophidium Günther, 1864
- Platyplectrurus Günther, 1868
- Plectrurus Duméril, 1851
- Pseudotyphlops Schlegel, 1839
- Rhinophis Hemprich, 1820
- Teretrurus Beddome, 1886
- Uropeltis Cuvier, 1829 (kilpsaba)
- sugukond Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach & Rossman, 1993
Ülemsugukond Pythonoidea[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- sugukond Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 (kaksvärvmadulased)
- Loxocemus Cope, 1861 (kaksvärvmadu)
- Pythonidae[10] Fitzinger, 1826 (püütonlased)
- Antaresia Wells & Wellington, 1984
- Apodora
Liasis (ametüstpüüton) - Aspidites Peters, 1877 – mustpeapüüton
- Bothrochilus Fitzinger, 1843 – rõngaspüüton
- Broghammerus Malayopython Reynolds, Niemiller & Revell, 2014
- Liasis Gray, 1842 (ametüstpüüton)
- Morelia Cope, 1861 (rombpüüton)
- Python Cope, 1861 (püüton)
- Simalia Gray, 1849
- Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845 (kiirikmadulased)
- Xenopeltis Reinwardt in Boie, 1827 (kiirikmadu)
- sugukond Loxocemidae Cope, 1861 (kaksvärvmadulased)
Ülemsugukond Booidea[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- Boidae Gray, 1825 (boalased)
- alamsugukond Boinae Gray, 1825 (pärisboalased)
- perekond Acrantophis Jan, 1863 (lühisababoa)
- Boa (boa) Linnaeus, 1758
- Candoia Gray, 1842
- Chilabothrus Duméril & Bibron, 1844
- Corallus Daudin, 1803 (puuboa)
- Epicrates Wagler, 1830 (silehuulboa)
- Eunectes Wagler, 1830 (anakonda)
- Sanzinia Gray, 1849
- Erycinae Bonaparte, 1831 (liivaboalased)
- Calabaria Gray, 1858 (kalabariia)
- Charina Gray, 1849 (kummiboa)
- Eryx Daudin, 1803 (liivaboa)
- Lichanura Cope, 1861
- Ungaliophiinae McDowell, 1987
- Exiliboa Bogert, 1968
- Ungaliophis Müller, 1880
- alamsugukond Boinae Gray, 1825 (pärisboalased)
- Boidae Gray, 1825 (boalased)
Ülemsugukond Colubroidea[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- Colubridae
- Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838(kääbusmadulased)[11]
- Calamaria Boie, 1827 (kääbusmadu)
- Calamorhabdium Boettger, 1898
- Collorhabdium Smedley, 1932
- Etheridgeum Wallach, 1988
- Macrocalamus Günther, 1864
- Pseudorabdion Jan, 1862
- Rabdion Duméril, 1853
- Colubrinae[12]
- Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838(kääbusmadulased)[11]
- Colubridae
- Aeluroglena Boulenger, 1898
- Ahaetulla Link, 1807 (pronksmadu)
- Aprosdoketophis Wallach, Lanza & Nistri, 2010
- Archelaphe Schulz, Böhme & Tillack, 2011
- Argyrogena Werner, 1924
- Arizona Kennicott, 1859
- Bamanophis Schätti & Trape, 2008
- Bogertophis Dowling & Price, 1988
- Boiga Fitzinger, 1826 (boiga)
- Cemophora Cope, 1860
- Chapinophis Campbell & Smith, 1998
- Chilomeniscus Cope, 1860
- Chionactis Cope, 1860
- Chironius Fitzinger, 1826 (metsamadu)
- Chrysopelea Boie, 1827 (puumadu)
- Coelognathus Fitzinger, 1843
- Coluber Linnaeus, 1758 (vilbasnastik)
- Colubroelaps Orlov, Kharin, Ananjeva, Thien Tao & Quang Truong, 2009
- Conopsis Günther, 1858
- Coronella Laurenti, 1768 (silenastik)
- Crotaphopeltis Fitzinger, 1843
- Cyclophiops Boulenger, 1888
- Dasypeltis (munamadu)
- Dendrelaphis (puunastik)
- Dendrophidion
- Dipsadoboa
- Dispholidus
- Dolichophis
- Drymarchon (goferinastik)
- Drymobius
- Drymoluber
- Dryocalamus
- Dryophiops
- Eirenis (eireenis)
- Elachistodon
- Elaphe (roninastik)
- Euprepiophis
- Ficimia
- Geagras
- Gonyophis
- Gonyosoma
- Gyalopion
- Hapsidophrys
- Hemerophis
- Hemorrhois
- Hierophis
- Lampropeltis (kuningmadu)
- Leptodrymus
- Leptophis (peenmadu)
- Lepturophis
- Limnophis
- Liopeltis
- Lycodon (kihvmadu)
- Lytorhynchus (teravkoonnastik)
- Macroprotodon
- Mastigodryas
- Meizodon
- Muhtarophis
- Oligodon (vähehammasmadu)
- Oocatochus
- Opheodrys
- Oreocryptophis
- Orientocoluber
- Orthriophis
- Oxybelis (teravpeamadu)
- Pantherophis
- Philothamnus
- Phyllorhynchus
- Pituophis
- Platyceps
- Pliocercus
- Pseudelaphe
- Pseudoficimia
- Pseustes
- Ptyas (suursilmmadu)
- Rhamnophis
- Rhinechis
- Rhinobothryum
- Rhinocheilus
- Rhynchocalamus (sulgkärssmadu)
- Salvadora
- Scaphiophis
- Scolecophis
- Senticolis
- Simophis
- Sonora
- Spalerosophis
- Spilotes (kanasööjamadu)
- Stegonotus
- Stenorrhina
- Symphimus
- Sympholis
- Tantilla
- Tantillita
- Telescopus (kassmadu)
- Thelotornis (liaanimadu)
- Thrasops
- Toxicodryas
- Trimorphodon
- Xenelaphis
- Xyelodontophis
- Zamenis
- Dipsadinae (jämepeamadulased)
.jpg)
- Adelphicos Jan, 1862
- Alsophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Amastridium Cope, 1861
- Amnesteophis Myers, 2011
- Apostolepis Cope, 1861
- Arrhyton Günther, 1858
- Atractus Wagler, 1828
- Boiruna Zaher, 1996
- Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
- Caaeteboia Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
- Calamodontophis Amaral, 1963
- Caraiba Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
- Carphophis Gervais, 1843
- Cercophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Chersodromus Reinhardt, 1861
- Clelia Fitzinger, 1826
- Coniophanes Hallowell, 1860
- Conophis Peters, 1860
- Contia Girard, 1853
- Coronelaps Lema & Deiques, 2010
- Crisantophis Villa, 1971
- Cryophis Bogert & Duellman, 1963
- Cubophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
- Diadophis Girard, 1853 (kaelusmadu)
- Diaphorolepis Jan, 1863
- Dipsas Laurenti, 1768 (jämepeamadu)
- Ditaxodon Hoge, 1958
- Drepanoides Dunn, 1928
- Echinanthera Cope, 1894
- Elapomorphus Wiegmann, 1843
- Emmochliophis Fritts & Smith, 1969
- Enuliophis McCran & Villa, 1993
- Enulius Cope, 1870
- Erythrolamprus Wagler, 1830
- Eutrachelophis Myers & McDowell, 2014
- Farancia Gray, 1842 (mudamadu)
- Geophis Wagler, 1830
- Gomesophis Hoge & Mertens, 1959
- Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal, 2009
- Helicops Wagler, 1828 (kõõrdsilmmadu)
- Heterodon Latreille, 1801 (kärssmadu)
- Hydrodynastes Fitzinger, 1843
- Hydromorphus Peters, 1859
- Hydrops Wagler, 1830
- Hypsiglena Cope, 1860
- Hypsirhynchus Günther, 1858
- Ialtris Cope, 1862
- Imantodes Dumeril, 1853
- Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843
- Lioheterophis Amaral, 1935
- Lygophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Magliophis Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
- Manolepis Cope, 1885
- Mussurana Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
- Ninia Baird & Girard, 1853
- Nothopsis Cope, 1871
- Omoadiphas Köhler, Wilson & Mccranie, 2001
- Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830
- Paraphimophis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
- Phalotris Cope, 1862
- Philodryas Wagler, 1830
- Phimophis Cope, 1860
- Plesiodipsas Harvey, Fuenmayor, Portilla & Rueda-Almonacid, 2008
- Pseudalsophis Zaher, Grazziotin, Cadle, Murphy, de Moura-Leite & Bonatto, 2009
- Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801
- Pseudoeryx Fitzinger, 1826
- Pseudoleptodeira Taylor, 1938
- Pseudotomodon Koslowski, 1896
- Psomophis Myers & Cadle, 1994
- Ptychophis Gomes, 1915
- Rhachidelus Boulenger, 1908
- Rhadinaea Cope, 1863
- Rhadinella Smith, 1941
- Rhadinophanes Myers & Campbell, 1981
- Rodriguesophis Grazziotin, Zaher, Murphy, Scrocchi, Benavides, Zhang & Bonatto, 2012
- Saphenophis Myers, 1973
- Sibon Fitzinger, 1826
- Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843
- Siphlophis Fitzinger, 1843
- Sordellina Procter, 1923
- Synophis Peracca 1896
- Tachymenis Wiegmann, 1835
- Taeniophallus Cope, 1895
- Tantalophis Duellman, 1958
- Thalesius Xenodon
- Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830
- Thermophis Malnate, 1953
- Tomodon Duméril, 1853
- Tretanorhinus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854
- Trimetopon Cope, 1885
- Tropidodipsas Gunther, 1858
- Tropidodryas Fitzinger, 1843
- Uromacer Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
- Uromacerina Amaral, 1929
- Urotheca Bibron, 1843
- Xenodon Boie, 1826
- Xenopholis Peters, 1869
- Grayiinae
- Scaphiodontophiinae (insertae cedis [13])
- Sibynophiinae
- Homalopsidae (veemadulased)[14]:
- Bitia Gray, 1842
- Brachyorrhos Kuhl, 1826
- Calamophis Meyer, 1874
- Cantoria Girard, 1857
- Cerberus Cuvier, 1829 (koerpeamadu)
- Dieurostus Berg, 1901
- Djokoiskandarus Murphy, 2011
- Enhydris Sonnini & Latreille, 1802
- Erpeton Lacépède, 1800 (kombitsmadu)
- Ferania Gray, 1842
- Fordonia Gray, 1837
- Gerarda Gray, 1849
- Gyiophis Murphy & Voris, 2014
- Heurnia Jong, 1926
- Homalophis Peters, 1871
- Homalopsis Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822
- Hypsiscopus Fitzinger, 1843
- Karnsophis Murphy & Voris 2013
- Kualatahan Murphy & Voris, 2014
- Mintonophis Murphy & Voris, 2014
- Miralia Gray, 1842
- Myron Gray, 1849
- Myrrophis Kumar, Sanders, Sanil & Murphy, 2012
- Phytolopsis Gray, 1849
- Pseudoferania Ogilby, 1891
- Raclitia Gray, 1842
- Subsessor Murphy & Voris, 2014
- Sumatranus Murphy & Voris, 2014
- Lamprophiidae
- Aparallactinae[15]
- Atractaspidinae (pinnaserästiklased)
- Lamprophiinae
- Psammophiinae (liivamadulased)
- Dipsina
- Hemirhagerrhis
- Malpolon (sisalikumadu)
- Mimophis
- Psammophis (liivamadu)
- Psammophylax
- Rhagerhis
- Rhamphiophis
- Prosymninae
- Pseudaspidinae
- Pseudoxyrhophiinae
- Natricidae[16]
.jpg)
- Adelophis Dugès, 1879
- Afronatrix Rossman & Eberle, 1977
- Amphiesma Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854
- Amphiesmoides Malnate, 1961
- Anoplohydrus Werner, 1909
- Aspidura Wagler, 1830
- Atretium Cope, 1861
- Balanophis Smith, 1938
- Clonophis Cope, 1889
- Haldea Baird & Girard, 1853
- Hebius Thompson, 1913
- Herpetoreas Günther, 1860
- Hologerrhum Günther, 1858
- Hydrablabes Boulenger, 1891
- Hydraethiops Günther, 1872
- Iguanognathus Boulenger, 1898
- Liodytes Cope, 1885
- Limnophis Günther, 1865
- Lycognathophis Boulenger, 1893
- Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893
- Natriciteres Loveridge, 1953
- Natrix Laurenti, 1768 (nastik)
- Nerodia Baird & Girard, 1853
- Opisthotropis Günther, 1872
- Parahelicops Bourret, 1934
- Pararhabdophis Bourret, 1934
- Paratapinophis Angel, 1929
- Regina Baird & Girard, 1853
- Rhabdophis (tiigernastik) Fitzinger, 1843
- Sinonatrix Rossman & Eberle, 1977
- Storeria Baird & Girard, 1853
- Thamnophis Fitzinger, 1843 (tripimadu)
- Trachischium Günther, 1858
- Tropidoclonion Cope, 1860
- Tropidonophis Jan, 1863
- Virginia Baird & Girard, 1853
- Xenochrophis Günther, 1864
- Pseudoxenodontidae
- Plagiopholis Boulenger, 1893
- Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890
- Elapidae
.jpg)
(Ophiophagus hannah)
- perekond Acanthophis Daudin, 1803 (surmarästik)
- Antaioserpens Wells & Wellington, 1985
- Aspidelaps Fitzinger, 1843 (kilpkobra)
- Aspidomorphus Fitzinger, 1843 (ebaaspiid)
- Austrelaps Worrell, 1963
- Brachyurophis Günther, 1863
- Bungarus Daudin, 1803 (krait)
- Cacophis Günther, 1863
- Calliophis Gray, 1835 (kaunismadu)
- Cryptophis Worrell, 1961
- Demansia Gray, 1842 (pruunmadu)
- Dendroaspis Schlegel, 1848 (mamba)
- Denisonia Krefft, 1869 (denisoonia)
- 'Drysdalia Worrell, 1961
- Echiopsis Fitzinger, 1843
- Elapognathus Boulenger, 1896
- Elapsoidea Bocage, 1866 (tripiaspiid)
- Furina Dumeril, 1853
- Hemachatus Fleming, 1822
- Hemiaspis Fitzinger, 1861
- Hemibungarus Peters, 1862
- Hoplocephalus Wagler, 1830
- Loveridgelaps McDowell, 1970
- Micropechis Boulenger, 1896
- Micruroides Schmidt, 1928
- Micrurus Wagler, 1824
- Naja Laurenti, 1768 (kobra)
- Notechis Boulenger, 1896
- Ogmodon Peters, 1864
- Ophiophagus Günther, 1864
- Oxyuranus Kinghorn, 1923
- Parapistocalamus Roux, 1934
- Parasuta Worrell, 1961
- Paroplocephalus Keogh, Scott & Scanlon, 2000
- Pseudechis Wagler, 1830
- Pseudohaje Günther, 1858 (puukobra)
- Pseudonaja Günther, 1858
- Rhinoplocephalus Muller, 1885
- Salomonelaps McDowell, 1970
- Simoselaps Jan, 1859
- Sinomicrurus Slowinski, Boundy & Lawson 2001
- Suta Worrell, 1961
- Toxicocalamus Boulenger, 1896
- Tropidechis Günther, 1863
- Vermicella Gray, 1858
- Walterinnesia Lataste, 1887
- Hydrophiinae (merimadulased)
- Aipysurus Lacépède, 1804
- Emydocephalus Krefft, 1869
- Ephalophis Smith, 1931
- Hydrelaps Boulenger, 1896
- Hydrophis Latreille, 1801 (merimadu)
- Kolpophis Smith, 1926
- Parahydrophis Burger & Natsuno, 1974
- Thalassophis Schmidt, 1852
- alamsugukond Laticaudinae Cope, 1879
- perekond Laticauda Laurenti, 1768 (laisaba)
- Pseudolaticauda Kharin,1984 Laticauda
- Pareatidae
- Aplopeltura (rihmmadu)
- Asthenodipsas
- Pareas
- Viperidae Oppel, 1811 (rästiklased)
- Azemiopinae Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971 (birmarästiklased)
- Azemiops (birmarästik)
- Crotalinae (lõgismadulased)
- Agkistrodon (kilplõugmadu)
- Atropoides
- Bothriechis
- Bothrocophias
- Bothrops (botrops)
- Calloselasma
- Cerrophidion
- Crotalus (lõgismadu)
- Deinagkistrodon
- Garthius
- Gloydius
- Hypnale
- Lachesis
- Mixcoatlus
- Ophryacus
- Ovophis
- Porthidium
- Protobothrops
- Sistrurus (kääbuslõgismadu)
- Trimeresurus (odapeamadu)
- Tropidolaemus
- Viperinae (pärisrästiklased)
- Atheris (puurästik)
- Bitis (aafrikarästik)
- Causus (kärnrästik)
- Cerastes (sarvikrästik)
- Daboia
- Echis (eefa)
- Eristicophis (vaidlusrästik)
- Macrovipera
- Montatheris
- Montivipera
- Proatheris
- Pseudocerastes (ebasarvikrästik)
- Vipera (rästik)
- Azemiopinae Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971 (birmarästiklased)
- Xenodermatidae
- Typhlopoidea (Scolecophidia)
- Anomalepididae
- Gerrhopilidae
- Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1892 (ahassuumadulased)
- Epictinae Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009
- Epictia Gray, 1845
- Mitophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch, 2009
- Rena Baird & Girard, 1853
- Rhinoleptus Orejas-Miranda, Roux-Estève & Guibé, 1970
- Siagonodon Peters, 1881
- Tetracheilostoma Jan, 1861
- Tricheilostoma Jan, 1860
- Trilepida Hedges, 2011
- Leptotyphlopinae Stejneger, 1892
- Epacrophis Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch, 2009
- Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843 (ahassuumadu)
- Myriopholis Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch, 2009
- Namibiana Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch, 2009
- Epictinae Hedges, Adalsteinsson & Branch in Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009
- Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820
- Afrotyphlopinae Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Afrotyphlops Broadley & Wallach, 2009
- Letheobia Cope, 1869
- Rhinotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843
- Asiatyphlopinae Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Acutotyphlops Wallach, 1995
- Anilios Gray, 1845
- Asiatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Cyclotyphlops Bosch & Ineich, 1994
- Grypotyphlops Peters, 1881
- Indotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Malayotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Ramphotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843
- Sundatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Xerotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Madatyphlopinae Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Madatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Typhlopinae Merrem, 1820
- Amerotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Antillotyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Cubatyphlops Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Typhlops Oppel, 1811 (pimemadu)
- Afrotyphlopinae Hedges, Marion, Lipp, Marin & Vidal, 2014
- Xenotyphlopidae Vidal, Vences, Branch & Hedges in
Vidal, Marin, Morini, Donnellan, Branch,
Thomas, Vences, Wynn, Cruaud & Hedges, 2010
Järgmised sugukonnad (koos perekondadega) on roomajate andmebaasis käesoleval ajal ülemsugukondadesse klassifitseerimata:
- Aniliidae (rullmadulased)
- Anilius (rullmadu)
- Bolyeriidae (bolierialased)
- Tropidophiidae
- Xenophidiidae Wallach & Gunther 1998
- Aniliidae (rullmadulased)
Järgmised Colubridae sugukonna maoperekonnad on roomajate andmebaasis käesoleval ajal alamsugukondadesse klassifitseerimata:
- Blythia Theobald, 1868
- Cyclocorus Duméril, 1853
- Elapoidis Boie, 1827
- Gongylosoma Fitzinger, 1843
- Helophis de Witte & Laurent, 1942
- Myersophis Taylor, 1963
- Oreocalamus Boulenger, 1899
- Poecilopholis Boulenger, 1903
- Rhabdops Boulenger, 1893
- Tetralepis Boettger, 1892.
Ohulähedased (osaline)[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- Austrotyphlops batillus (IUCN-i staatus NT)
- Tropidophis bucculentus (IUCN-i staatus NT)
- Farancia erytrogramma seminola (IUCN-i staatus NT][19]
Väljasurnud maod (koos taksonitega – osaline)[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- †Acrochordus dehmi
- †Albaneryx Hoffstetter & Rage 1972, prk, sgk boalased
- †Alamitophis Albino 1986, prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Alamitophis argentinus Albino, 1986
- †Alamitophis elongatus Vasile jt. 2013
- †Alamitophis tingamarra Scanlon, 2005
- ?Alsophis melanichnus
- †Alsophis sanctaecrucis (IUCN-i staatus EX)
- †Ameiseophis Holman, 1976 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Ameiseophis robinsoni Holman, 1976
- †Anomalophiidae[20] Auffenberg, 1959
- †Anomalophis Auffenberg, 1959
- †Anomalophis bolcensis Massalongo, 1859[21]</ref>
- †Bavarioboa Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993
- †Bitis olduvaiensis Rage, 1973
- †Bransateryx Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972, prk, sgk boalased
- †Bransateryx vireti Hoffstetter & Rage, 1972
- †Boavus Marsh, 1871
- †Boavus affinis Brattstrom, 1955[22]
- ?Bolyeria, prk
- †Bolyeria multocarinata (IUCN-i staatus EX)
- †Cadurceryx Hoffstetter ja Rage, 1972, prk, sgk boalased
- †Caduceryx filholi Hoffstetter ja Rage, 1972
- †Cadurcoboa Rage, 1978, prk, sgk boalased
- †Cadurcoboa insolita Rage, 1978
- †Calamagras Cope, 1873
- †Calamagras angulatus Cope, 1873
- †Calamagras floridanus Auffenberg, 1963
- †Calamagras gallicus Rage, 1977
- †Calamagras murivorus Cope, 1873
- †Calamagras platyspondyla Holman, 1976
- †Calamagras primus Hecht, 1959
- †Calamagras talpivorus Cope, 1873
- †Calamagras truxalis Cope, 1873
- †Calamagras turkestanicus Danilov ja Averianov, 1999
- †Calamagras weigeli Holman, 1972
- †Charina prebottae Brattstrom, 1958 sgk boalased[23]
- †Cheilophis Gilmore, 1938, prk, sgk boalased
- †Cheilophis huerfanoensis Gilmore, 1938, sgk boalased
- †Coniophidae Hoffstetter, 1955, sgk
- †Coniophis Marsh, 1892, prk
- †Coniophis carinatus McGrew jt. 1959
- †Coniophis cosgriffi Armstrong-Ziegler, 1978
- †Coniophis platycarinatus McGrew jt. 1959
- †Coniophis precedens Marsh, 1892
- †Dakotaophis Holman, 1976, sgk Colubridae
- †Daunophis Swinton, 1926, sgk boalased
- †Dawsonophis Holman, 1979, sgk boalased
- †Diadophis elinorae Auffenberg, 1963, sgk Colubridae[24]
- †Dinilysiidae sgk
- †Dinilysia Woodward, 1901, prk
- †Dinilysia patagonica Woodward, 1901
- †Dryinoides Auffenberg, 1958 sgk Carphophiidae
- †Dryinoides oxyrhachis Auffenberg, 1958
- †Dunnophis, prk Hecht, 1959 sgk Trapidophiidae
- †Dunnophis cadurcensis Rage, 1974
- †Dunnophis matronensis Rage, 1973
- †Dunnophis microechinus McGrew jt. 1959
- †Elaphe kormosi Bolkay, 1913 sgk Colubridae
- †Eoanilius Rage, 1974 sgk Aniliidae)
- †Eoanilius europae Rage, 1974
- †Eoanilius oligocenicus Szyndlar, 1994
- †Eunectes stirtoni Hoffstetter & Rage, 1977
- †Eupodophis Rage & Escuillié, 2001, prk (jäsemed) (†Pachyophiidae')
- †Eupodophis descouensi Rage and Escuillié, 2000
- †Falseryx Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
- †Falseryx neervelpensis Szyndlar jt. 2008
- †Falseryx petersbuchi Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
- †Floridaophis Holman, 1999 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Floridaophis auffenbergi Holman, 1999
- †Gaimanophis Albino, 1996 prk, sgk boalased
- †Gaimanophis tenuis Albino, 1996
- †Gigantophis Andrews, 1901 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Gigantophis garstini Andrews, 1901
- †Haasiophis Tchernov jt., 2000, prk (jäsemed)
- †Haasiophis terrasanctus Tchernov jt. 2000
- †Hechtophis Rage, 2001 prk, sgk boalased
- †Hechtophis austrinus Rage, 2001
- †Herensugea Rage, 1996 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Herensugea caristiorum Rage, 1996
- †Heterodon brevis Auffenberg, 1963, prk Heterodon
- †Heterodon plionasicus J.A. Peters, 1953
- †Hierophis arcuatus H.Meyer, 1845
- †Hierophis cadurci Rage, 1974
- †Hierophis caspioides Szyndlar & Schleich, 1993
- †Hierophis dolnicensis Szyndlar, 1987
- †Hierophis freybergi G.Brunner, 1954
- †Hierophis hungaricus Bolkay, 1913
- †Hierophis poucheti Rochebrune, 1880
- †Hierophis robertmertensi Mlynarski, 1964
- †Huberophis Holman 1977, prk, sgk boalased
- †Huberophis georgiensis Holman, 1977
- †Incongruelaps Scanlon, Lee & Archer, 2003 (Elapidae)
- †Incongruelaps iteratus Scanlon, Lee & Archer, 2003
- †Indophis Rage ja Prasad, 1992, prk
- †Indophis sahnii Rage ja Prasad, 1992
- †Itaboraiophis Rage, 2011 (Booidea incertae sedis)
- †Itaboraiophis depressus Rage, 2011
- †Kataria Scanferla et al. 2013. pr
- †Kataria anisodonta Scanferla jt. 2013
- †Kelyophis LaDuke jt., 2010 , prk
- †Kelyophis hechti LaDuke jt., 2010
- †Lampropeltis similis Holman, 1964
- †Lapparentophiidae sgk
- †Lapparentophis Hoffstetter, 1960
- †Lapparentophis defrennei Hoffstetter, 1960
- †Macrovipera burgenlandica (Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1987)
- †Macrovipera gedulyi Bolkay, 1913
- †Macrovipera kuchurganica (Zerova in Zerova, Lungu & Chkhikvadze, 1987)
- †Macrovipera ukrainica Zerova, 1992
- †Madtsoiidae sgk
- †Madtsoia Simpson, 1933 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Madtsoia bai Simpson, 1933
- †Madtsoia camposi Rage, 1998
- †Madtsoia madagascariensis Hoffstetter, 1961
- †Madtsoia pisdurensis Mohabey jt. 2011
- †Malpolon laurenti (Depéret, 1897)
- †Malpolon mlynarskii Szyndlar, 1988
- †Menarana LaDuke jt. 2010 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Menarana laurasiae Rage, 1996
- †Menarana nosymena LaDuke jt. 2010
- †Micronatrix Parmley ja Hunter, 2010 prk, sgk Colubridae
- ††Micronatrix juliescottae Parmley ja Hunter, 2010
- †Messelophis, prk
- †Miocoluber Parmley, 1988 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Miocoluber dalquesti Parmley, 1988
- †Mionatrix Sun, 1961 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Mionatrix diatomus Sun, 1961
- †Najash, prk Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006 (jäsemed)
- †Najash rionegrina, Apesteguía & Zaher, 2006
- †Nanowana Scanlon 1997 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Nanowana godthelpi Scanlon, 1997
- †Nanowana schrenki Scanlon, 1997
- †Natrix longivertebrata Szyndlar, 1984
- †Natrix merkurensis Ivanov, 2002
- †Natrix mlynarskii Rage, 1988
- †Natrix sansaniensis (Lartet, 1851) [25]
- †Neurodromicus Cope, 1873 prk, sgk boalased
- †Neurodromicus dorsalis Cope, 1873
- †Nessovophis Averianov, 1997 prk
- †Nessovophis zhylga Averianov, 1997
- †Nidophis Vasile jt. 2013 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Nidophis insularis Vasile jt. 2013
- †Nigerophiidae Rage, 1975[26]
- †Nigerophis Rage, 1975 prk
- †Nigerophis mirus Rage, 1975
- †Nubianophis Rage ja Werner 1999 , prk
- †Nubianophis afaahus Rage ja Werner 1999
- † Ogmophis Cope, 1885
- † Ogmophis voorhiesi Holman, 1977
- †Pachyophiidae sgk
- †Pachyrhachis sgk (jäsemed)
- †Palaeophis Owen, 1841 prk, sgk Palaeophiidae
- †Palaeophis africanus Andrews, 1924
- †Palaeophis casei Holman, 1982
- †Palaeophis colossaeus Rage, 1983
- †Palaeophis ferganicus Averianov, 1997
- †Palaeophis grandis Marsh, 1869
- †Palaeophis halidanus Cope, 1868
- †Palaeophis littoralis Cope, 1847
- †Palaeophis maghrebianus Arambourg, 1952
- †Palaeophis nessovi Averianov, 1997
- †Palaeophis tamdy Averianov, 1997
- †Palaeophis toliapicus Owen, 1841
- †Palaeophis typhaeus Owen, 1850
- †Palaeophis vastaniensis Bajpai ja Head, 2008
- †Palaeophis virginianus Lynn, 1934
- †Palaeophis zhylan
- †Palaeophis zhylga (Averianov, 1997)
- †Palaeopython Rochebrune, 1880 prk, sgk boalased
- †Palaeopython cadurcensis
- †Palaeopython ceciliensis Barnes, 1927
- †Palaeopython filholii Rochebrune, 1880
- †Palaeopython fischeri Schaal, 2004
- †Palaeopython neglectus Rochebrune, 1884
- †Palefarancia Auffenberg, 1963 prk, sgk Carphophiidae
- †Palefarancia brevispinosus Auffenberg, 1963
- †Paleoheterodon Holman 1964 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Paleoheterodon arcuatus Rage ja Holman, 1984
- †Paleoheterodon tiheni Holman, 1964
- †Paleryx Owen, 1850 prk, sgk boalased
- †Paracoluber Holman, 1970 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Paracoluber storeri Holman, 1970
- †Patagoniophis Albino, 1986 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae[27]
- †Patagoniophis australiensis Scanlon, 2005
- †Patagoniophis parvus Albino, 1986
- †Paulacoutophis Rage, 2011 prk, ülemsugukond Booidea (incertae sedis)
- †Paulacoutophis perplexus Rage, 2011
- †Platyceps planicarinatus Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985
- †Platyspondylia Rage 1974, prk
- †Platyspondylia germanica Szyndlar & Rage, 2003
- †Platyspondylia lepta Rage, 1974
- †Platyspondylia sudrei Rage, 1988
- †Plesiotortrix Rochebrune, 1884 prk, sgk boalased[28]
- †Plesiotortrix edwardsi Rochebrune, 1884
- †Pollackophis Holman, 1998 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Pollackophis depressus Holman, 1998
- †Pouitella Rage, 1988 prk, sgk †Lapparentophiidae
- †Pouitella pervetus Rage, 1988
- †Procerophis Rage jt., 2008[29]
- †Procerophis sahnii Rage jt., 2008[30]
- †Proptychnophis Whistler & Wrigth, 1989 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Proptychnophis achoris Whistler & Wrigth, 1989
- †Pterygoboa Holman, 1976 prk, sgk boalased
- †Pterygoboa delawarensis Holman, 1998
- †Pterygoboa miocenica Holman, 1976
- †Python europaeus Szydlar & Rage, 2003
- †Python maurus Rage, 1976
- †Rionegrophis Albino, 1986 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Rionegrophis madtsoioides Albino, 1986
- †Rottophis Szyndler & Böhme, 1996 prk, sgk Tropidophiidae
- †Rottophis atavus H.Meyer ,1885
- †Russellophiidae Rage, 1978
- †Russellophis Rage, 1975 prk, sgk Russellophiidae
- †Russellophis crassus Rage jt., 2008[31]
- †Russellophis tenuis Rage, 1975
- †Sanajeh Wilson jt., 2010 prk, sgk †Madtsoiidae
- †Sanajeh indicus Wilson jt., 2010
- †Seismophis Hsiou jt., 2013, prk
- †Seismophis septentrionalis Hsiou jt., 2013
- †Sivaophis Head, 2005
- †Sivaophis downsi Head, 2005
- †Russellophis Rage, 1975
- †Tallahattaophis Holman, 1988
- †Texasophis Holman 1977 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Texasophis bohemiacus Szyndler, 1987
- †Texasophis fossilis Holman, 1977
- †Texasophis galbreathy Holman, 1984
- †Texasophis hecki M.Böhme, 2008
- †Texasophis meini Rage & Holman, 1984
- †Texasophis wilsoni Holman, 1984
- †Thaumastophis Rage jt., 2008[30]
- †Thaumastophis missiaeni Rage jt., 2008[32]
- †Titanoboa, prk, sgk boalased
- †Titanoboa cerrejonensis, Head, Bloch, Hastings, Bourque, Cadena, Herrera, Polly & Jaramillo, 2009
- †Totlandophis Holman & Harrison, 1998 prk, sgk boalased
- †Totlandophis americanus Holman & Harrison, 2001
- †Totlandophis thomasae Holman & Harrison, 1998
- †Tregophis Holman 1975 prk, sgk boalased
- †Tregophis brevirachis Holman 1975
- †Typhlops cariei (IUCN-i staatus EX)
- †Vectophis Rage & Ford, (1980) prk
- †Vectophis wardi Rage & Ford, (1980) prk
- †Vipera antiqua Szyndlar, 1987
- †Vipera burgenlandica Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1987
- †Vipera gedulyi Bolkay, 1913
- †Vipera maghrebiana Rage, 1976
- †Vipera maxima Szyndlar 1988
- †Vipera natiensis Bailon jt., 2002
- †Vipera platyspondyla Zyndlar, 1987
- †Waincophis Albino 1987 prk, sgk boalased[33]
- †Waincophis australis Albino, 1987
- †Waincophis cameratus Rage, 2001
- †Waincophis pressulus Rage, 2001
- †Wonambi Smith 1976 prk, sgk † Madtsoiidae
- †Wonambi barriei Scanlon ja Lee, 2000
- †Wonambi naracoortensis Smith, 1976
- †Woutersophis Rage, 1980, prk
- †Woutersophis novus Rage, 1980
- †Zamenis algorensis (Szyndlar, 1985a)
- †Zamenis kohfidischi Bachmayer & Szyndlar, 1985
- †Zamenis paralongissimus (Szyndlar, 1984a)
- †Zamenis praelongissima (Venczel, 1994)
- †Zelceophis Szyndlar 1984 prk, sgk Colubridae
- †Zelceophis xenos Szyndlar, 1984
- †Yurlunggur Scanlon, 1992 prk, sgk † Madtsoiidae
- †Yurlunggur camfieldensis Scanlon, 1992
Viited[muuda | muuda lähteteksti]
- ↑ "Aristotle's History of Animals: In Ten Books", Aristoteles, tõlkija Richard Creswell, 1862
- ↑ "Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles", 4.trükk, 598:2014
- ↑ Krecsák, László, Richard Wahlgren, A survey of the Linnaean type material of Coluber berus, Coluber chersea and Coluber prester (Serpentes, Viperidae), Journal of Natural History, 2. juuli 2008, (vaadatud 6.11.2013)
- ↑ C. et Aug Duméril, Catalogue methodique de la collection des reptiles., Paris, Gide et Baudry, 1851, Google'i raamatu (vaadatud 26.10.2013) (prantsuse keeles)
- ↑ Noguchi, Hideyo, Snake venoms; an investigation of venomous snakes with special reference to the phenomena of their venoms. (Cope, Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U. S. National Museum, 1898.), lk 3, 1909, Garnegie Institution of Washington, OpenLibrary raamatu (vaadatud 6.06.2014)
- ↑ Hideyo Noguchi, Snake venoms; an investigation of venomous snakes with special reference to the phenomena of their venoms, lk 3, 1909, Garnegie Institution of Washington, OpenLibrary raamatu (vaadatud 6.06.2014)
- ↑ G. A. Boulenger,THE SNAKES OF EUROPE, LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, 1913, OpenLibrary raamatu (vaadatud 26.10.2013)
- ↑ Roomajate andmebaasi vaadatud 12. septembril 2013
- ↑ Uropeltidae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 2.05.2015)
- ↑ Pythonidae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 30.04.2015)
- ↑ Calamariinae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 2.05.2015) (inglise keeles)
- ↑ Peter Uetz ja Jakob Hallermann. Colubrinae, (vaadatud 30.04.2015) (inglise keeles)
- ↑ Sibynophiinae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 1.05.2015)
- ↑ Homalopsidae roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 1.05.2015) (inglise keeles)
- ↑ Peter Uetz & Jakob Hallermann. Aparallactinae, (vaadatud 30.04.2015) (inglise keeles)
- ↑ Natricidae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 30.04.2015)(ladina keeles)
- ↑ Elapidae, Roomajate andmebaasi (vaadatud 30.04.2015)(ladina keeles)
- ↑ Roomajate andmebaasi vaadatud 10. juunil 2014
- ↑ Globally Extinct: Reptiles According to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (version 2012.1), (vaadatud 07.06.2014)
- ↑ Anomalophiidae, (vaadatud 3.05.2015)
- ↑ Anomalophis bolcensis, (vaadatud 3.05.2015)
- ↑ †Boavus affinis Brattstrom 1955 (boa), vaadatud 24. märtsil 2017
- ↑ Sissekanne Fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 3.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne Fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 3.06.2014)],
- ↑ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (vaadatud 28.09.2013) (inglise keeles)]
- ↑ Sissekanne Fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 8.06.2014)
- ↑ JOHN D. SCANLON, AUSTRALIA’S OLDEST KNOWN SNAKES: PATAGONIOPHIS, ALAMITOPHIS, AND CF. MADTSOIA (SQUAMATA: MADTSOIIDAE) FROM THE EOCENE OF QUEENSLAND, MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, (vaadatud 3.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne Fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 3.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 8.06.2014)
- ↑ 30,0 30,1 Sissekanne fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 8.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne Paleontology Database-s, (vaadatud 8.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 8.06.2014)
- ↑ Sissekanne Fossilworks-is, (vaadatud 24.06.2014)