Ookeanide hapestumine

Ookeanide hapestumine on käimasolev pH taseme vähenemine Maa ookeanides, mis on põhjustatud süsinikdioksiidi (CO₂) sidumisest atmosfäärist.^[1] Arvatav 30–40% inimtekkelisest süsinikdioksiidist, mis on paisatud atmosfääri lahustub ookeanides, jõgedes ja järvedes.^[2]^[3]

Saavutamaks keemilist tasakaalu, reageerib osa sellest veega, et moodustada süsihapet. Mõned neist süsihappemolekulidest reageerivad veemolekulidega andmaks vesinikkarbonaatiooni ja hüdrooniumiooni, kasvatades ookeanide happelisust (H⁺ ioonide kontsentratsiooni). Aastatel 1751–1994 on ookeanipinna pH tase arvatud langenuks ligikaudu 8,25-lt 8,14-le,^[4] mis oleks peaaegu 30% kasv H⁺ ioonide kontsentratsioonis maailma ookeanides.^[5]^[6] Maa süsteemimudelid hindavad, et viimase kümnendi jooksul on ookeani happelisus ületanud varasemaid ajaloolisi analooge^[7] ning võib koostoimes teiste ookeani biogeokeemiliste muutustega pärssida mereökosüsteeme ning rikkuda paljude ookeaniga seotud kaupade ja teenuste pakkumist.^[8]

Viited

↑ Caldeira, K.; Wickett, M. E. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH". Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. DOI:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.
↑ Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
↑ Feely, R. A.; et al. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. DOI:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
↑ Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. DOI:10.1029/2004JD005220.
↑ Hall-Spencer, J. M.; et al.; Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S. (July 2008).
↑ Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop
↑ Mora, C (2013).
↑ Mora, C.; et al. (2013). "Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century". PLoS Biology. 11: e1001682. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682.

[cald03-1] Caldeira, K.; Wickett, M. E. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH". Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. DOI:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.

[millero95-2] Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. DOI:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.

[Feely04-3] Feely, R. A.; et al. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO₂ on the CaCO₃ System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. DOI:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.

[jacob05-4] Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. DOI:10.1029/2004JD005220.

[pmid18536730-5] Hall-Spencer, J. M.; et al.; Rodolfo-Metalpa, R.; Martin, S. (July 2008).

[scor-int-6] Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop

[qvtPK-7] Mora, C (2013).

[Mora-8] Mora, C.; et al. (2013). "Biotic and Human Vulnerability to Projected Changes in Ocean Biogeochemistry over the 21st Century". PLoS Biology. 11: e1001682. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001682.

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