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Processor Socket and Slot Types Intel and AMD have created a set of socket and slot designs for their processors. Each socket or slot is designed to support a different range of original and upgrade processors. Table 3.10 shows the designations for the various standard processor sockets/slots and lists the chips designed to plug into them. Table 3.10. CPU Socket Specifications

Sockets 1, 2, 3, and 6 are 486 processor sockets and are shown together in Figure 3.9 so you can see the overall size comparisons and pin arrangements between these sockets. Sockets 4, 5, 7, and 8 are Pentium and Pentium Pro processor sockets and are shown together in Figure 3.10 so you can see the overall size comparisons and pin arrangements between these sockets.

Figure 3.9. 486 processor sockets.

Figure 3.10. Pentium and Pentium Pro processor sockets. When the Socket 1 specification was created, manufacturers realized that if users were going to upgrade processors, they had to make the process easier. The socket manufacturers found that 100 lbs. of insertion force is required to install a chip in a standard 169-pin Socket 1 motherboard. With this much force involved, you easily could damage either the chip or the socket during removal or reinstallation. Because of this, some motherboard manufacturers began using low insertion force (LIF) sockets, which required a smaller 60 lbs. of insertion force for a 169-pin chip. Pressing down on the motherboard with 60–100 lbs. of force can crack the board if it is not supported properly. A special tool is also required to remove a chip from one of these sockets. As you can imagine, even the LIF was relative, and a better solution was needed if the average person was ever going to replace his CPU. Manufacturers began using ZIF sockets in Socket 1 designs, and all processor sockets from Socket 2 and higher have been of the ZIF design. ZIF is required for all the higher-density sockets because the insertion force would simply be too great otherwise. ZIF sockets almost eliminate the risk involved in installing or removing a processor because no insertion force is necessary to install the chip and no tool is needed to extract one. Most ZIF sockets are handle-actuated: You lift the handle, drop the chip into the socket, and then close the handle. This design makes installing or removing a processor easy. The following sections take a closer look at those socket designs you are likely to encounter in active PCs. For more information about Socket 370 (PGA-370), Socket 423, Socket A, and Socket 754, see Chapter 3, “Processor Types and Specifications,” of Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 19th Edition, found in its entirety on the DVD packaged with this book. Socket 478 Socket 478 is a ZIF-type socket for the Pentium 4 and Celeron 4 (Celerons based on the Pentium 4 core) introduced in October 2001. It was specially designed to support additional pins for future Pentium 4 processors and speeds over 2GHz. The heatsink mounting is different from the previous Socket 423, allowing larger heatsinks to be attached to the CPU. Figure 3.11 shows Socket 478.

Figure 3.11. Socket 478 (Pentium 4) showing pin 1 location. Socket 478 supports a 400MHz, 533MHz, or 800MHz processor bus that connects the processor to the MCH, which is the main part of the motherboard chipset. Socket 478 uses a heatsink attachment method that clips the heatsink directly to the motherboard, and not the CPU socket or chassis (as with Socket 423). Therefore, any standard chassis can be used, and the special standoffs used by Socket 423 boards are not required. This heatsink attachment allows for a much greater clamping load between the heatsink and processor, which aids cooling. Socket 478 processors use five VID pins to signal the VRM built into the motherboard to deliver the correct voltage for the particular CPU you install. This makes the voltage selection completely automatic and foolproof. A small triangular mark indicates the pin-1 corner for proper orientation of the chip. Socket LGA775 Socket LGA775 (also called Socket T) is used by the Core 2 Duo/Quad processors, the most recent versions of the Intel Pentium 4 Prescott processor and the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition processors. Some versions of the Celeron and Celeron D also use Socket LGA775. Socket LGA775, unlike earlier Intel processor sockets, uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. LGA uses gold pads (called lands) on the bottom of the processor to replace the pins used in PGA packages. It allows for much greater clamping forces via a load plate with a locking lever, with greater stability and improved thermal transfer (better cooling). The first LGA processors were the Pentium II and Celeron processors in 1997; in those processors, an LGA chip was soldered on the Slot-1 cartridge. LGA is a recycled version of what was previously called leadless chip carrier (LCC) packaging. This was used way back on the 286 processor in 1984, and it had gold lands around the edge only. (There were far fewer pins back then.) In other ways, LGA is simply a modified version of ball grid array (BGA), with gold lands replacing the solder balls, making it more suitable for socketed (rather than soldered) applications. Socket LGA775 is shown in Figure 3.12.

Figure 3.12. Socket LGA775 (Socket T). The release lever on the left raises the load plate out of the way to permit the processor to be placed over the contacts. Socket LGA1156 Socket LGA1156 (also known as Socket H) was introduced in September 2009 and was designed to support Intel Core i Series processors featuring an integrated chipset North Bridge, including a dual-channel DDR3 memory controller and optional integrated graphics. Socket LGA1156 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. Socket LGA1156 is shown in Figure 3.13.

Figure 3.13. Socket LGA1156 (Socket H). Because the processor includes the chipset North Bridge, Socket LGA1156 is designed to interface between a processor and a Platform Controller Hub (PCH), which is the new name used for the South Bridge component in supporting 5x series chipsets. The LGA1156 interface includes the following: • PCI Express x16 v2.0—For connection to either a single PCIe x16 slot, or two PCIe x8 slots supporting video cards. • DMI (Direct Media Interface)—For data transfer between the processor and the PCH. DMI in this case is essentially a modified PCI Express x4 v2.0 connection, with a bandwidth of 2GBps. • DDR3 dual-channel—For direct connection between the memory controller integrated into the processor and DDR3 SDRAM modules in a dual-channel configuration. • FDI (Flexible Display Interface)—For the transfer of digital display data between the (optional) processor integrated graphics and the PCH. When processors with integrated graphics are used, the Flexible Display Interface carries digital display data from the GPU in the processor to the display interface circuitry in the PCH. Depending on the motherboard, the display interface can support DisplayPort, High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI), Digital Visual Interface (DVI), or Video Graphics Array (VGA) connectors. Socket LGA1366 Socket LGA1366 (also known as Socket B) was introduced in November 2008 to support high-end Intel Core i Series processors, including an integrated triple-channel DDR3 memory controller, but which also requires an external chipset North Bridge, in this case called an I/O Hub (IOH). Socket LGA1366 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. Socket LGA1366 is shown in Figure 3.14.

Figure 3.14. Socket LGA1366 (Socket B). Socket LGA1366 is designed to interface between a processor and an IOH, which is the new name used for the North Bridge component in supporting 5x series chipsets. The LGA1366 interface includes the following: • QPI (Quick Path Interconnect)—For data transfer between the processor and the IOH. QPI transfers 2 bytes per cycle at either 4.8 or 6.4GHz, resulting in a bandwidth of 9.6 or 12.8GBps. • DDR3 triple-channel—For direct connection between the memory controller integrated into the processor and DDR3 SDRAM modules in a triple-channel configuration. LGA1366 is designed for high-end PC, workstation, or server use. It supports configurations with multiple processors. Socket LGA1155 Socket LGA1155 (also known as Socket H2) was introduced in January 2011 to support Intel’s Sandy Bridge (second-generation) Core i Series processors, which now include Turbo Boost overclocking. Socket LGA1155 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. Socket LGA1155 uses the same cover plate as Socket 1156, but is not interchangeable with it. Socket LGA1155 is also used by Intel’s Ivy Bridge (third-generation) Core i Series processors. LGA1155 supports up to 16 PCIe v3 lanes and 8 PCIe 2.0 lanes. Socket LGA1155 is shown in Figure 3.15.

Figure 3.15. Socket LGA1155 (Socket H2) before installing a processor. Socket LGA2011 Socket LGA2011 was introduced in November 2011 to support high-performance versions of Intel’s Sandy Bridge (second-generation) Core i Series processors (Sandy Bridge-E), which now include Turbo Boost overclocking. LGA2011 supports 40 PCIe 3.0 lanes, quad-channel memory addressing, and fully-unlocked processor multipliers. Socket LGA2011 uses a land grid array format, so the pins are on the socket, rather than the processor. Socket LGA2011 is shown in Figure 3.16.

Figure 3.16. Socket LGA2011 before installing a processor. Socket 939 and 940 Socket 939 is used with the Socket 939 versions of the AMD Athlon 64, 64 FX, and 64 X2 (see Figure 3.17). It’s also used by some versions of the AMD Opteron processor for workstations and servers. Motherboards using this socket support conventional unbuffered DDR SDRAM modules in either single- or dual-channel mode, rather than the server-oriented (more expensive) registered modules required by Socket 940 motherboards. Sockets 939 and 940 have different pin arrangements and processors for each and are not interchangeable.

Figure 3.17. Socket 939. The cutout corner and triangle at the lower left indicate pin 1. Socket 940 is used with the Socket 940 version of the AMD Athlon 64 FX, as well as most AMD Opteron processors (see Figure 3.18). Motherboards using this socket support only registered DDR SDRAM modules in dual-channel mode. Because the pin arrangement is different, Socket 939 processors do not work in Socket 940, and vice versa.

Figure 3.18. Socket 940. The cutout corner and triangle at the lower left indicate pin 1. Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3/AM3+ In May 2006, AMD introduced processors that use a new socket, called Socket AM2 (see Figure 3.19). AM2 was the first replacement for the confusing array of Socket 754, Socket 939, and Socket 940 form factors for the Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, and Athlon 64 X2 processors.

Figure 3.19. Socket AM2/AM2+. The arrow (triangle) at the lower left indicates pin 1. Although Socket AM2 contains 940 pins—the same number that Socket 940 uses—Socket AM2 is designed to support the integrated dual-channel DDR2 memory controllers that were added to the Athlon 64 and Opteron processor families in 2006. Processors designed for Sockets 754, 939, and 940 include DDR memory controllers and are not pin compatible with Socket AM2. Sockets 939, 940, and AM2 support HyperTransport v2.0, which limits most processors to a 1GHz FSB. Socket AM2+ is an upgrade to Socket AM2 that was released in November 2007. Although Sockets AM2 and AM2+ are physically the same, Socket AM2+ adds support for split power planes and HyperTransport 3.0, allowing for FSB speeds of up to 2.6GHz. Socket AM2+ chips are backward compatible with Socket AM2 motherboards, but only at reduced HyperTransport 2.0 FSB speeds. Socket AM2 processors can technically work in Socket AM2+ motherboards; however, this also requires BIOS support, which is not present in all motherboards. Socket AM3 was introduced in February 2009, primarily to support processors with integrated DDR3 memory controllers such as the Phenom II. Besides adding support for DDR3 memory, Socket AM3 has 941 pins in a modified key pin configuration that physically prevents Socket AM2 or AM2+ processors from being inserted (see Figure 3.20).

Figure 3.20. Socket AM3. The arrow (triangle) at the lower left indicates pin 1. Socket AM3+ is a modified version of AM3 designed for the new “Bulldozer” processors. It has 938 pins, and also supports processors made for AM3 sockets. Table 3.11 shows the essential differences between Socket AM2, AM2+, AM3, and AM3+. Table 3.11. Socket AM2, AM2+, AM3, and AM3+ Features

Here is a summary of the compatibility between AM2, AM2+, AM3, and AM3+ processors and motherboards: • You cannot install Socket AM2 or AM2+ processors in Socket AM3 motherboards. • You can install Socket AM2 processors in Socket AM2+ motherboards. • You can install Socket AM3 or AM2+ processors in Socket AM2 motherboards; however, the BIOS must support the processor, the FSB will run at lower HT 2.0 speeds, and only DDR2 memory is supported. • You can install Socket AM3 processors in Socket AM2+ motherboards, but the BIOS must support the processor, and only DDR2 memory is supported. • You can install Socket AM3 processors in Socket AM3+ motherboards, but the BIOS must support the processor. Although you can physically install newer processors in motherboards with older sockets, and they should theoretically work with reductions in bus speeds and memory support, this also requires BIOS support in the specific motherboard, which may be lacking. In general, you are best off matching the processor to a motherboard with the same type of socket. Socket F (1207FX) Socket F (also called 1207FX) was introduced by AMD in August 2006 for its Opteron line of server processors. Socket F is AMD’s first land grid array (LGA) socket, similar to Intel’s Socket LGA775. It features 1,207 pins in a 35-by-35 grid, with the pins in the socket instead of on the processor. Socket F normally appears on motherboards in pairs because it is designed to run dual physical processors on a single motherboard. Socket F was utilized by AMD for its Quad FX processors, which are dual-core processors sold in matched pairs, operating as a dual socket dual-core system. Future versions may support quad-core processors, for a total of 8 cores in the system. Due to the high expense of running dual physical processors, only a limited number of nonserver motherboards are available with Socket F. Socket FM1 Socket FM1 was introduced by AMD in July 2011 for use by accelerated processing units (APUs – CPU plus GPU) and CPUs based on the Llano core. These include the Ax-3xxx series APUs and some Athlon II CPUs, as well as the E2-3200 APU. FM1 has 905 pins in a 31 × 31 grid and uses a PGA socket similar to those used by previous AMD processors. Socket FM1 supports DDR3 memory. It was replaced by Socket FM2. Socket FM2 Socket FM1 was introduced by AMD in September 2012 for use by its Trinity series of APUs. These include the Ax-5xxx series APUs. FM2 has 904 pins in a 31 × 31 grid and uses a PGA socket similar to those used by previous AMD processors. Socket FM2 supports DDR3 memory. Figure 3.21 illustrates Socket FM2.

Figure 3.21. Socket FM2 before installing a processor.